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Consonant Verbs and Nouns
| Synopsis | 3rd Declension Endings | Guttural Stems |
| Guttural Nouns | Labial Stems | Dental Stems |
| Verbs in -izw | Dental Nouns | to_ sw~ma |
| Nasal Stems | Nouns: -n- & -r- | Exercises |
| Synopsis:
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| In discussing weak aorists the examples given ended with a vowel (-a-, -e-, -o-, -u-) before the final -w. |
| The aorist endings of these vowel verbs, like those of the future, begin with s-. |
| When there is a consonant before the final -w in the present, |
| then this consonant will clash with the s- of the future and weak aorist endings, |
| and adjustments have to be made,
for example:
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k, g, x, kt, ss (tt)
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gutturals (throat)
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+
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j
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=
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c
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p, b, f, pt
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labials (lips)
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+
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j
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=
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y
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t, d, q, z
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dentals (teeth)
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+
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j
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=
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s
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m, n
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nasals (nose)
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+
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j
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=
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s
drops
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There is a similar clash with
these consonants and -s- in the nominative
singular and genitive plural of nouns of the third declension which have
their endings added to the noun stem
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Third declension noun endings:
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masculine and feminine |
neuter |
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singular |
plural |
singular |
plural |
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| nom. | -j | -ej | - | -a | ||||
| acc. | -a | -aj | - | -a | ||||
| gen. | -oj | -wn | -oj | -wn | ||||
| dat. | -i | -si | -i | -si | ||||
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Guttural Stems: Verb and Noun Patterns
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| present
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future
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weak aorist
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| diw&kw | diw&cw | e1diwca | I pursue | |
| a!gw | a!cw | h!gagon | I lead | |
| a!rxw | a!rcw | h}rca | I begin, rule | |
| fula&ssw | fula&cw | e0fu&laca | I guard | |
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| o( | fu&lac | guard | fu&lakej | |
| fu&laka | fu&lakaj | |||
| fu&lakoj | fula&kwn | |||
| fu&laki | fu&laci(n) | |||
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| Guttural Stems:
Vocabulary
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| Active verbs:
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| dida&skw | dida&cw | e0di/daca | I teach | ||
| pra&ssw | pra&cw | e1praca | I act | ||
| ta&ssw | ta&cw | e1taca | I put in order | ||
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| Middle verbs:
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| de/xomai | de/comai | e0deca&mhn | I receive | ||
| eu!xomai | eu!comai | h)uca&mhn | I pray | ||
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| Guttural nouns:
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| sark- | h( sa&rc | sa&rkoj | flesh | ||
| flog- | h( flo&c | flo&goj | flame | ||
| falagg- | h( fa&lagc | fa&laggoj | phalanx | ||
| salpigg- | h( sa&lpigc | sa&lpiggoj | trumpet | ||
| nukt- | h( nu&c | nu&ktoj | night | ||
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| Labial Stems: Verb
and Noun Patterns:
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| pe/mpw | pe/myw | e1pemya | send | ||
| tri/bw | tri/yw | e11triya | rub away | ||
| gra&fw | gra&yw | e1graya | write | ||
| kle/ptw | kle/yw | e1kleya | steal | ||
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| o( | klw&y | thief | klw~pej | ||
| klw~pa | klw~paj | ||||
| klwpo&j | klwpw~n | ||||
| klwpi/ | klwyi/ (n) | ||||
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| Labial Stems: Vocabulary
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| Active verbs:
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| tre/pw | tre/yw | e1treya | I turn | ||
| bla&ptw | bla&yw | e1blaya | I injure | ||
| kru&ptw | kru&yw | e1kruya | I hide | ||
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| Middle verbs:
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| a#ptomai | a#yomai | h(ya&mhn | I touch | ||
| me/mfomai | me/myomai | e0me/myamhn | I blame | ||
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| There are no nouns in general use with labial stems, | |||||
grammars give these:
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| Dental Stems: Verb and Noun
Patterns
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| yeu&dw | yeu&sw | e1yeusa | deceive | ||
| pei/qw | pei/sw | e1peisa | persuade | ||
| sw&|zw | sw&sw | e1swsa | save | ||
| e0lpi/zw | e0lpiw~ | h!lpisa | hope | ||
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| h( | e0lpi/j | hope | e0lpi/dej | ||
| e0lpi/da | e0lpi/daj | ||||
| e0lpi/doj | e0lpi/dwn | ||||
| e0lpi/di | e0lpi/si (n) | ||||
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| Most dental verbs end in -azw
or -izw
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| a)nagka&zw | a)nagka&sw | h)na&gkasa | compel | |
| e0rga&zomai | e0rga&somai | (passive aorist) | work | |
| qauma&zw | qauma&sw | e0qau&masa | wonder at | |
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| paraskeua&zomai | paraskeua&somai | prepare | ||
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(middle or passive aorist) |
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| Verbs ending in -izw usually have a related noun and a contracted future, indicated by the final accent. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A contracted future has the pattern of the
present tense of file/w with endings:
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| e0lpi/zw | e0lpiw~ | h!lpisa | hope | (e0lpi/j) |
| ceni/zw | ceniw~ | e0ce/nisa | entertain | (ce/noj) |
| nomi/zw | nomiw~ | e0no&misa | consider | (no&moj) |
| pori/zw
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poriw~
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e0po&risa
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provide
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(po&roj)
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| u(bri/zw | u(briw~ | u#brisa | insult | ( u#brij) |
| o)rgi/zw
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o)rgiw~
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w!rgisa
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make angry
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(o)rgh& )
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| Verbs were also coined with -izw,
for example:
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| filippi/zw | I side with Philip (of Macedon) |
| e9lleni/zw | I speak Greek |
| Mhdi/zw
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I join the Medes
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| Dental nouns: masculine and feminine
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| a)spid- | h( | a)spi/j | a)spi/doj | shield | |
| 9Ellad- | h( | 9Ella&j | 9Ella&doj | Greece | |
| paid- |
o(, |
h( | pai=j | paido&j | child |
| patrid- | h( | patri/j | patri/doj | country | |
| o)rniq- |
o( |
o!rnij | o!rniqoj | bird | |
| e0rwt- |
o( |
e1rwj | e1rwtoj | love | |
| xarit-
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h(
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xa&rij
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xa&ritoj
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goodwill
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| Third declension dental nouns have accusative in -in rather than stem + -a when the accent is not on the last syllable, |
| so |
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| but |
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This also happens when the stem ends in a
vowel:
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| Neuter Dental Noun form:
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body
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singular |
plural |
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| to_ | sw~ma | ta_ | sw&mata |
| to_ | sw~ma | ta_ | sw&mata |
| tou~ | sw&matoj | tw~n | swma&twn |
| tw~|
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sw&mati
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toi=j
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sw&masi (n)
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| This is a very common noun form,
for example
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| to_ ai[ma | blood | ai[matoj |
| to_ gra&mma | letter, line | gra&mmatoj |
| to_ dra~ma | play | dra&matoj |
| to_ o!noma | name | o)no&matoj |
| to_ pneu~ma | breath | pneu&matoj |
| to_ pra~gma | action | pra&gmatoj |
| to_ stra&teuma | army | strateu&matoj |
| to_ tei/xisma | wall | teixi/smatoj |
| to_ trau~ma | wound | trau&matoj |
| to_ xrh~ma
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thing
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xrh&matoj
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| Nasal Stems: Verb and Noun
Patterns
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[note: all have contracted future]
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| Active verbs:
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| kri/nw | krinw~ | e1krina | judge |
| me/nw | menw~ | e1meina | remain |
| te/mnw | temw~ | e1temon | cut (strong aorist) |
| fai/nw
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fanw~
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e1fhna
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show
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| a)poktei/nw | a)poktenw~ | a)pe/kteina | kill |
| diafqei/rw
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diafqerw~
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die/fqeira
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destroy
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| Middle verb:
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| a)pokri/nomai
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a)pokrinou~mai
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a)pekri/namhn
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| Nouns in -n-
and -r-
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| with long vowel throughout:
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| o( a)gw&n | tou~ a)gw~noj | contest | |
| o( xeimw~n
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tou~ xeimw~noj
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storm, winter
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| o( #Ellhn | tou~ #Ellhnoj | Greek | |
| o( limh&n
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tou~ lime/noj
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harbour
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| with shortened vowel in stem:
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| o( dai/mwn | tou~ dai/monoj | spirit | |
| o( h(gemw&n | tou~ h(geme/noj | leader | |
| o( poimh&n | tou~ poime/noj | shepherd | |
| o( r(h&twr
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tou~ r(h&toroj
|
orator
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14(i)
| Give the dative singular and plural of:
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| dative singular | dative plural |
| o( a)gaqo_j pai=j | |
| to_ me/ga pra~gma | |
| h( kalh_ pa&trij | |
| h( deinh_ nu&c | |
| o( sofo_j kh~ruc | |
| to_ i0sxuro_n tei/xisma | |
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Now check your ANSWERS here. |
14(ii)
| Complete: | pro&j (+ acc.) | a)po& (+ gen.) | e0n (+ dat.) |
| h( #Ellaj | pro_j | a)po_ | e0n |
| to_ dra~ma | pro_j | a)po_ | e0n |
| h( patri/j | pro_j | a)po_ | e0n |
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Now check your ANSWERS here. |
14(iii)
| Put into the plural and translate:
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singular
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plural
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| dida&skw to_n pai=da. | |
| de/xomai to_n kh&ruka. | |
| e0rga&zomai to_ pra~gma. | |
| a#ptetai th~j o!rniqoj. | |
| r(i/pteij th_n a)spi/da. | |
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Now check your ANSWERS here |
14(iv)
| Put the following into the
future and aorist:
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| future | aorist | |
| diw&keij | ||
| a!rxei | ||
| gra&fomen | ||
| sw&|zousi | ||
| bla&ptw | ||
| dexo&meqa | ||
| me/mfontai | ||
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Now check your ANSWERS here |
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