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Numerals |
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| Synopsis | Interrogatives | Table of Forms |
| Declensions: 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 4 | Time | ******** |
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Synopsis:
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| The basic numerals 1, 2, 3, 4 ... are called cardinal numbers and they are adjectives; the first four are declined, and also the hundreds and thousands. | ||||||
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(note: 1, 2, 3 ... come from Arab numerals) |
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The ordinal numbers first, second, third
... are adjectives and are declined throughout like kalo&j,
-h, -on or (for second and eighth) like
ai1sxroj, -a, -on. Once, twice, three times
are adverbs and do not change; they are distinguished (apart from
a#pac) by the ending -(k)ij.
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The cardinal numbers are represented by letters of
the alphabet with a mark above right to show that the letter is being used
as a number up to 999, and below left for numbers of 1,000 and above.
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| The system is a simple decimal one, so that 10 = i / , 11 = ia / and 1862 would be / awcb. | ||||||
| To provide the full complement of letters needed for the system the obsolete letters Vau / Digamma (v, V) for 6, Koppa (J) for 90 and Sampi / San ( `) for 900 were used. | ||||||
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mu&rioi is exactly 10,000
but is also used for an indefinitely large number (cf. myriads), as
mu&rioj xro&noj for an indefinitely long time.
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[Herodotus 9.30 gives the roll-call for the different
contingents in the Greek army at Plataea, a good chapter for practice in
the use of numbers!]
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| Remember: | ||||||
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The numerals
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1,
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2,
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3,
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4
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decline.
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The signs for 6, 90 and 900 are
obsolete letters:
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| Some useful interrogatives: |
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po&soi; |
how many? |
po&stoj; |
in what order? |
posa&kij; |
how often? |
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| It is notable that numbers with rough
breathings often start their Latin forms with s-, hence sex,
septem, semi.
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| Numerals: Table
of Forms
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| Sign
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Cardinal
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Ordinal
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Adverb
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| one | first | once | ||
| 1 | a / | ei[j, mi/a, e3n | prw~toj | a3pac |
| 2 | b / | du&o | deu&teroj | di/j |
| 3 | g / | trei=j, tri/a | tri/toj | tri/j |
| 4 | d / | te/ttarej, te/ttara | te/tartoj | tetra&kij |
| 5 | e / | pe/nte | pe/mptoj | penta&kij |
| 6 | v /, V / | e3c | e3ktoj | e9ca&kij |
| 7 | z / | e9pta& | e3bdomoj | e9pta&kij |
| 8 | h / | o)ktw& | o!gdooj | o)kta&kij |
| 9 | q / | e0nne/a | e1natoj | e0na&kij |
| 10 | i / | de/ka | de/katoj | deka&kij |
| 11 | ia / | e3ndeka | ||
| 12 | ib / | dw&deka | ||
| 13 | ig / | trei=j kai\ de/ka | ||
| 14 | id / | te/ttarej kai\ de/ka | ||
| 15 | ie / | pe/ntekaideka | ||
| 16 | iv /, iV / | e9kkai/deka | ||
| 17 | iz / | e9ptakai/deka | ||
| 18 | ih / | o)ktwkai/deka | ||
| 19 | iq / | e0nneakai/deka | ||
| 20
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k /
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ei1kosi
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| 21 | ka / | ei[j kai\ ei1kosi
ei1kosi kai\ ei[j |
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| 30 | l / | tria&konta | |
| 40 | m / | tettara&konta | |
| 50 | n / | penth&konta | |
| 60 | c / | e9ch&konta | |
| 70 | o / | e9bdomh&konta | |
| 80 | p / | o)gdoh&konta | |
| 90
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J /
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e0nenh&konta
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| 100 | r / | e9kato&n | |
| 200 | s / | diako&sioi -ai -a | |
| 300 | t / | triako&sioi -ai -a | |
| 400 | u / | tetrako&sioi -ai -a | |
| 500 | f / | pentako&sioi -ai -a | |
| 600 | x / | e9cako&sioi -ai -a | |
| 700 | y / | e9ptako&sioi -ai -a | |
| 800 | w / | o)ktako&sioi -ai -a | |
| 900
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` /
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e0nako&sioi -ai -a
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| 1,000 | / a | xi/lioi -ai -a | |
| 2,000 | / b | disxi/lioi -ai -a | |
| 3,000 | / g | trisxi/lioi -ai -a | |
| 10,000 | / i | mu&rioi -ai -a | |
| 20,000 | / k | dismu&rioi -ai -a | |
| 30,000
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/ l
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trismu&rioi -ai -a
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| Note: | |||
| xilia&kij | a 1,000 times | (cf. polla&kij) | |
| muria&kij
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10,000 times
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| h3misuj - h(mi/seia - h3misu =
a half
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| a!mfw - a)mfoi=n and
a)mfo&teroi -ai -a are used for both.
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| Note: |
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ou)dei=j - ou)demi/a - ou)de/n and mhdei=j - mhdemi/a - mhde/n no-one, nothing |
| are the negatives of ei[j, mi/a, e3n (1) and are declined like it. |
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ei[j |
1
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a / | ||
| masc. | fem. | neut. | ||
| Nom. | ei[j | mi/a | e3n | |
| Acc. | e3na | mi/an | e3n | |
| Gen. | e9no&j | mia~j | e9no&j | |
| Dat.
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e9ni/
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mia~|
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e9ni/
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du&o
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2
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b /
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| Nom. | du&o | m.f.n. | ||
| Acc. | du&o | |||
| Gen. | duoi=n | |||
| Dat.
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duoi=n
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trei=j
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3
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g /
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| Nom. | trei=j | m.f. | tri/a | |
| Acc. | trei=j | tri/a | ||
| Gen. | triw~n | triw~n | ||
| Dat.
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trisi/
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trisi/
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te/ttarej
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4
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d /
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| Nom. | te/ttarej | m.f. | te/ttara | (or tess-) |
| Acc. | te/ttaraj | te/ttara | ||
| Gen. | tetta&rwn | tetta&rwn | ||
| Dat.
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te/ttarsi
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te/ttarsi
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| Expressions of time are often
used with numerals, hence:
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| with the accusative for a length of time: | ||
| trei=j h(me/raj | for three days | |
| pe/nte nukta&j
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for five nights
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| with the dative for exact time when: | ||
| th|~ tri/th| h(me/ra|
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on the third day
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| with the genitive for time within which | ||
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i.e. an indefinite time within a stated period:
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| triw~n h(merw~n | within ten days | |
| th~j prw&thj nukto&j
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during the first night
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