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Participles
| Synopsis | Participle Forms | Examples |
| Genitive Absolutes | Verb Forms |
| Synopsis:
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| Participles are adjectives which describe nouns: |
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(the singing girl, near the sleeping children, with the loved ones, the prisoners about to die)
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| They agree with their nouns and so have:
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| gender: | masculine, feminine or neuter | |
| number: | singular or plural | |
| case:
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nominative, accusative,
genitive or dative
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| But they also come from verbs
and so have:
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| tense: | present, future, aorist or perfect | |
| voice:
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active, middle or passive
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The participle may be:
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| It is also used commonly with the article: | |||
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oi9 maxo&menoi |
the fighters |
oi9 teqnhko&tej |
the dead |
The tenses of participles are relative to
the main verb with which they are connected, so that:
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| But a participle could also give a reason (translated since ...) or, |
with kai/per,
or
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| A noun and a participle not connected with a
main verb as subject or object may stand independently as a genitive
absolute with the above meanings.
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Synopsis of Participle Forms: |
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Present Active - releasing
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| masculine | feminine | neuter |
| lu&-wn | lu&-ousa | lu&-on |
| lu&-onta | lu&-ousan | lu&-on |
| lu&-ontoj | lu-ou&shj | lu&-ontoj |
| lu&-onti
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lu-ou&sh|
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lu&-onti
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| lu&-ontej | lu&-ousai | lu&-onta |
| lu&-ontaj | lu-ou&saj | lu&-onta |
| lu-o&ntwn | lu-ousw~n | lu-o&ntwn |
| lu&-ousi(n)
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lu-ou&saij
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lu&-ousi(n)
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| filw~n | filou~sa | filou~n |
| timw~n | timw~sa | timw~n |
| w!n (being)
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ou}sa
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o!n
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| Future Active - going
to release
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| lu&-swn
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lu&-sousa
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lu~-son
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Aorist Active - having released
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| lu&-saj | lu&-sasa | lu~-san |
| lu&-santa | lu&-sasan | lu~~-san |
| lu&-santoj | lu-sa&shj | lu&-santoj |
| lu&-santi
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lu-sa&sh|
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lu&-santi
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| lu&-santej | lu&-sasai | lu&-santa |
| lu&-santaj | lu-sa&saj | lu&-santa |
| lu-sa&ntwn | lu-sasw~n | lu-sa&ntwn |
| lu&-sasi(n)
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lu-sa&saij
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lu&-sasi(n)
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| Present Middle - ransoming
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| masculine
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feminine
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neuter
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| lu-o&menoj
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lu-ome/nh
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lu-o&menon
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All middle voice participles decline as: |
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| kalo&j
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kalh&
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kalo&n
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| filou&menoj | filoume/nh | filou&menon |
| timw&menoj
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timwme/nh
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timw&menon
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middle verb
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| poreu-o&menoj
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poreu-ome/nh
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poreu-o&menon
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Future Middle - going to ransom
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| lu-so&menoj
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lu-some/nh
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lu-so&menon
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Aorist Middle - having ransomed
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| lu-sa&menoj
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lu-same/nh
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lu-sa&menon
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| Strong aorist active and middle
have present endings on an aorist stem (cf. imperative,
infinitive)
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| lei/pwn | leaving | gigno&menoj | becoming |
| lipw&n
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having left
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geno&menoj
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having become
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| The aorist participle is not
always or strictly past and so has no augment.
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The Participle: Examples
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| lu&ontej to_n desmw&thn, a(marta&nomen. | |||
| In releasing the prisoner,
we are mistaken.
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| lu&santej to_n desmw&thn, a)ph&lqomen. | |||
| Having released the prisoner,
we went away.
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| lusa&menoi au)to&n, a)ph&lqomen. | |||
| Having ransomed him, we went
away.
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| pau&ou gra&fwn. | |||
| Stop writing.
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| e0pau&santo grafo&ntej. | |||
| They stopped writing.
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| prosbai/nei i9keteu&swn. | |||
| He comes forward (intending)
to plead.
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| kai/per fobou&menoi, e0diw&komen. | |||
| Although (we were) frightened
we continued the pursuit.
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| oi9 to&te paro&ntej | |||
| those who were present then
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| oi9 dida&skontej | those who teach
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ta_ o!nta
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what exists
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| ai9 didaskou~sai
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| Neuter singular object,
adjective and participle:
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e0la&bomen r(a|di/wj to_ a!stu o!n mikro&n. |
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We easily captured the town since it was small.
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| Feminine singular object,
adjective and participle:
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e0la&bomen r(a|di/wj th_n po&lin ou}san mikra&n. |
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We easily captured the city since it was small.
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| As genitive absolute in the
neuter singular:
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tou~ a)ste/wj o!ntoj mikrou~, r(a|di/wj e0nikh&samen. |
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Since the town was small, we easily won.
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| As genitive absolute in the
feminine singular:
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th~j po&lewj ou!shj mikra~j, r(a|di/wj e0nikh&samen. |
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Since the city was small, we easily won.
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| Masculine plural object,
adjective and participle:
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r(a|di/wj e0nikh&samen tou_j poli/taj o!ntaj o)li/gouj. |
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We easily defeated the citizens who were few.
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| With the participle in the
dative plural:
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proseba&lomen toi=j polemi/oij diabai/nousi to_n potamo&n. |
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We made an attack on the enemy, (who were / as they were) crossing the river.
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| As genitive absolute in the
masculine plural:
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tw~n poli/twn o!ntwn o)li/gwn r(a|di/wj e0nikh&samen. |
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Since the citizens were few, we easily won. |
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tw~n polemi/wn diabaino&ntwn to_n potamo&n, proseba&lomen. |
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While the enemy were crossing the river, we attacked.
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| Some common
genitive absolute forms:
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| au)tou~ keleu&ontoj | at his command |
| au)tou~ a)poqa&nontoj | on / after his death |
| xeimw~noj
genome/nou
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when / because a storm arose
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| au)tw~n keleuo&ntwn | at their command |
| au)tw~n a)poqano&ntwn | on / after their deaths |
| nukto_j genome/nhj | at nightfall |
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| Note also: |
| o( me/nwn e0n th~| a)ga&ph| me/nei e0n tw~| qew~|. |
| The one who stays in love
stays in God.
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| qeou~ qe/lontoj, dunata_ pa&nta gi/gnetai. |
| God willing, all things
are possible. (Genitive absolute)
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| xa&rin labw_n me/mnhso, kai\ dou_j e0pilaqou~. |
| Having received a favour,
remember it, having given it, forget it.
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Synopsis of verb forms: Active and Middle:
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| Active | Middle | |||
| Present | ||||
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I release |
lu&w | lu&omai |
ransom |
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| lu&eij | lu&h| | |||
| lu&ei | lu&etai | |||
| lu&omen | lu&omeqa | |||
| lu&ete | lu&esqe | |||
| lu&ousi
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lu&ontai
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| Future | ||||
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I shall release |
lu&sw | lu&somai |
ransom |
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| lu&seij | lu&sh| | |||
| lu&sei | lu&setai | |||
| lu&somen | luso&meqa | |||
| lu&sete | lu&sesqe | |||
| lu&sousi
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lu&sontai
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| Imperfect | ||||
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I was releasing |
e1luon | e0luo&mhn |
ransoming |
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| e1luej | e0lu&ou | |||
| e1lue | e0lu&eto | |||
| e0lu&omen | e0luo&meqa | |||
| e0lu&ete | e0lu&esqe | |||
| e1luon
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e0lu&onto
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| Aorist (weak) | ||||
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I released |
e1lusa | e0lusa&mhn |
ransomed |
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| e1lusaj | e0lu&sw | |||
| e1luse | e0lu&sato | |||
| e0lu&samen | e0lusa&meqa | |||
| e0lu&sate | e0lu&sasqe | |||
| e1lusan
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e0lu&santo
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| Aorist (strong) | ||||
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endings as imperfect:
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I left |
e1lipon | e0geno&mhn |
became |
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| e1lipej | e0ge/nou | |||
| e1lipe | e0ge/neto | |||
| e0li/pomen | e0ge/nomeqa | |||
| e0li/pete | e0ge/nesqe | |||
| e1lipon
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e0ge/nonto
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| Infinitive,
Participle and Imperative
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| active | middle | ||
| Present | Infinitive: to release | lu&ein | lu&esqai |
| Aor. (wk) | to release, ransom (now) | lu~sai | lu&sasqai |
| Aorist (str)
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to leave, become (now)
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lipei=n
|
ge/nesqai
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| Present | Participle: releasing | lu&wn | luo&menoj |
| Aor. (wk) | after releasing | lu&saj | lusa&menoj |
| Aorist (str)
|
after leaving, becoming
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lipw&n
|
geno&menoj
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| Present | Imperative: release | lu&e, -ete | lu&ou, -esqe |
| Aorist (wk) | release, ransom (now) | lu~son, -sate | lu~sai, -sasqe |
| Aorist (str)
|
leave, become (now)
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li/pe, -ete
|
genou~, -e/sqe
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